Cartilage

Species	Cells	Enzyme(s)	Medium	Reference
Bovine Steers, 1-2 years	Chondrocytes	Trypsin : 0.20%	HBSS	Mackintosh, D. and Mason, R. Pharmacological Actions of 17 Beta-oestradiol on Articular Cartilage Chondrocytes and Chondrosarcoma Chondrocytes in the Absence of Oestrogen Receptors , Biochim Biophys Acta 964 , 295 , 1988
Bovine Calf, 1-14 days	Chondrocytes	Collagenase Type 2 : 0.20%	PBS	Klagsbrun, M. Large Scale Preparation of Chondrocytes , Methods of Enzymology Vol. 58 , 560 , 1979
Bovine Bovine, 18-36 month	Chondrocytes	Collagenase Type 1 : 0.1%	DMEM	White, R. and Gibson, J. The Effect of Oxygen Tension on Calcium Homeostasis in Bovine Articular Chondrocytes. , J Orthop Surg Res 5 , 27 , 2010
Bovine Bovine, 6-8 week	Chondrocytes	Collagenase Type 2 : 0.2%	DMEM	Hwang, Y. , Sangaj, N. and Varghese, S. Interconnected Macroporous Poly(ethylene glycol) Cryogels as a Cell Scaffold for Cartilage Tissue Engineering. , Tissue Eng Part A 16 , 3033-41 , 2010
Bovine Bovine, 1-3 month	Chondrocytes	Collagenase Type 4 : 390 u/ml	DMEM	Lima, E. , Tan, A. , Tai, T. , Marra, K. , DeFail, A. , Ateshian, G. and Hung, C. Genipin Enhances the Mechanical Properties of Tissue-Engineered Cartilage and Protects Against Inflammatory Degradation When Used as a Medium Supplement. , J Biomed Mater Res 91 , 692 , 2009
Canine Canine	Chondrocytes	Collagenase Type 2 : 0.3% Trypsin : 0.25%	Ham's F12	Lee, J. , Kim, H. , Kim, J. , Bae, S. , Joo, D. , Huh, K. , Fang, Y. , Jeong, J. , Kim, M. and Kim, Y. Microencapsulation of Pancreatic Islets with Canine Ear Cartilage for Immunoisolation. , Transplant Proc 44 , 1091-4 , 2012
Chicken Chick embryos, White Leghorn	Wing buds	Trypsin : 0.1%	Saline G	Ahrens, P. , Solursh, M. and Reiter, R. Stage-Related Capacity for Limb Chondrogenesis in Cell Culture , Dev Biol 60 , 69 , 1977
Chicken Chick embryos, White Leghorn, 19 day old	Fibroblasts Epithelial-like	Trypsin : 0.25%	E 199 medium	Gionti, E. , Capasso, O. and Cancedda, R. The Culture of Chick Embryo Chondrocytes and the Control of Their Differentiated Functions in Vitro , J Biol Chem 258 (11) , 7190 , 1983
Chicken Chick embryos, 19 day old	Chondrocytes	Trypsin : 0.75%	Coon's modified F-12	Capasso, O. , Gionti, E. , Pontarelli, G. , Ambesi-Impiobato, F. , Nitsch, L. , Tajana, G. and Cancedda, R. The Culture of Chick Embryo Chondrocytes and the Control of Their Differentiated Functions In Vitro , Exp Cell Res 142 , 197 , 1982
Chicken Chicken, broiler strain, 8-10 week	Matrix vesicles	Trypsin : 0.1%	(see reference)	Genge, B.R. , Wu, L.N.Y. and Wuthier, R.E. Identification of Phospholipid-dependent Calcium-binding Proteins as Constituents of Matrix Vesicles , J Biol Chem 264 , 10917 , 1989
Chicken Chicken, broiler strain, 8-10 weeks	Matrix vesicles Epiphyseal growth plate	Trypsin : 0.1%	Tris-buffered saline	Genge, B. , Wu, L. and Wuthier, R. Differential Fractionation of Matrix Vesicle Proteins: Further Characterization of the Acidic Phospholipid-dependent Ca2+-Binding Proteins , J Biol Chem 265 , 4703 , 1990
Chicken Chick embryos, HH stage	Mesenchymal	Trypsin : 0.1%	DMEM (see reference)	Wong, M. and Tuan, R. Nuserum, A Synthetic Serum Replacement, Supports Chondrogenesis of Embryonic Chick Limb Bud Mesenchymal Cells in Micromass Culture , In Vitro Cell Dev Biol 29A , 917 , 1993
Equine Equine	Chondrocytes	Collagenase Type 2 : 0.08%	DMEM/F12	Ley, C. , Svala, E. , Nilton, A. , Lindahl, A. , Eloranta, M. , Ekman, S. and Skioldebrand, E. Effects of High Mobility Group Box Protein-1, Interleukin-1B, and Interleukin-6 on Cartilage Matrix Metabolism in Three-Dimensional Equine Chondrocyte Cultures. , Conn Tissue Res 52 , 290-300 , 2011
Equine Equine	Chondrocytes	Collagenase Type 2 : 0.15%	DMEM	Visser, J. , Levett, P. , te Moller, N. , Besems, J. , Boere, K. , van Rijen, M. , de Grauw, J. , Dhert, W. , van Weeren, P. and Malda, J. Crosslinkable Hydrogels Derived from Cartilage, Meniscus, and Tendon Tissue. , Tissue Eng Part A 21 , 1195-206 , 2015
Goat Goat	Chondrocytes	Collagenase Type 2 : 2%	DMEM	Bekkers,J, Creemers, L, Tsuchida, A, van Rijen, M, Custers, R, Dhert, W. and Saris, D. One-Stage Focal Cartilage Defect Treatment with Bone Marrow Mononuclear Cells and Chondrocytes Leads to Better Macroscopic Cartilage Regeneration Compared to Microfracture in Goats. , Osteoarthritis Cartilage 21 , 950-6 , 2013
Goat Goat	Chondrocytes	Collagenase Type 2 : 350 u/ml	DMEM	Burdis, R. , Chariyev-Prinz, F. , Browe, D. , Freeman, F. , Nulty, J. , McDonnell, E. , Eichholz, K. , Wang, B. , Brama, P. and Kelly, D. Spatial Patterning of Phenotypically Distinct Microtissues to Engineer Osteochondral Grafts for Biological Joint Resurfacing. , Biomaterials 289 , 121750 , 2022
Human Human, 52-82 years	Chondrocytes	Collagenase Type 2 : 0.2% Pronase : 0.15%	DMEM/F12	Pallu, S. , Francin, P. , Guillaume, C. , Gegout-Pottie, P. , Netter, P. , Mainard, D. , Terlain, B. and Presle, N. Obesity Affects the Chondrocyte Responsiveness to Leptin in Patients with Osteoarthritis. , Arthritis Res Ther 12 , R112 , 2010
Human Human	Chondrocytes	Collagenase Type 2 : 0.15%	DMEM	Capsoni, F. , Ongari, A. , Lonati, C. , Accetta, R. , Gatti, S. and Catania, A. Alpha-Melanocyte-Stimulating-Hormone (a-MSH) Modulates Human Chondrocyte Activation Induced by Proinflammatory Cytokines. , BMC Musculoskelet Disord 16 , 154 , 2015
Human Human	Chondrocytes	Collagenase : 0.3%	DMEM	Tamai, M. , Nagasao, T. , Yanaga, H. , Hamamoto, Y. , Kogure, T. and Tanaka, Y. Correction of Secondary Deformity after Nuss Procedure for Pectus Excavatum by Means of Cultured autologous Cartilage Cell Injection. , Int J Surg Case Rep 15 , 70-3 , 2015
Human Human	Chondrocytes	Trypsin : 0.25% Hyaluronidase : 0.1% Collagenase Type 2 : 1000 u/ml Collagenase Type 1 : 400 u/ml	Ham's F12	Muraglia, A. , Nguyen, V. , Nardini, M. , Mogni, M. , Coviello, D. , Dozin, B. , Strada, P. , Baldelli, I. , Formica, M. , Cancedda, R. and Mastrogiacomo, M. Culture Medium Supplements Derived from Human Platelet and Plasma: Cell Commitment and Proliferation Support. , Front Bioeng Biotechnol 5 , 66 , 2017
Human Human, 13-62 years	Articular chondrocytes	Trypsin : 0.2%	BSS	Srivastava, V.M.L. , Malemud, C.J. , Hough, A.J. , Bland, J.H. and Sokoloff, L. Preliminary Experience with Cell Culture of Human Articular Chondrocytes , Arthritis Rheum 17 , 165 , 1974
Human Human	Chondrocytes	Collagenase Type 2 : 0.15%	DMEM	Andrews, S. , Kunze, M. , Mulet-Sierra, A. , Williams, L. , Ansari, K. , Osswald, M. and Adesida, A. Strategies to Mitigate Variability in Engineering Human Nasal Cartilage. , Sci Rep 7 , 6490 , 2017
Human Human, 26-84 years	Chondrocytes	Collagenase	GBSS	Manning, W.K. and Bonner, W.M. Isolation and Culture of Chondrocytes From Human Adult Articular Cartilage , Arthritis Rheum 10 , 235 , 1967
Human Human w/ rheumatoid arthritis	Synovial tissue	Trypsin : 0.05%	DMEM (see reference)	Dayer, J. , Krane, S. , Russell, R. and Robinson, D. Production of Collagenase and Prostaglandins by Isolated Adherent Rheumatoid Synovial Cells , Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 73 (3) , 945 , 1976
Human Human, adult	Chondrocytes	Collagenase Type 2 : 0.15%	DMEM	Jakob M, Demarteau O, Schafer D, Stumm M, Heberer M. and Martin I. Enzymatic Digestion of Adult Human Articular Cartilage Yields a Small Fraction of the Total Available Cells , Conn Tissue Res 44 , 173 , 2003
Human Human, adult	Synovial	Collagenase : 0.15% Hyaluronidase : 0.1% Deoxyribonuclease I : 0.015%	DMEM	Liagre B, Vergne-Salle P, Corbiere C, Charissoux JL. and Beneytout JL. Diosgenin, a Plant Steroid, Induces Apoptosis in Human Rheumatoid Arthritis Synoviocytes with Cyclooxygenase-2 Overexpression , Arthritis Res Ther 6(4) , R373 , 2004
Human Human, adults	Synoviocytes	Collagenase Type 1 : 0.1%	RPMI	McEvoy A. , Murphy E. , Ponnio T. , Conneely O. , Bresnihan B. , FitzGerald O. and Murphy E. Activation of Nuclear Orphan Receptor NURR1 Transcription by NF-kappa B and Cyclic Adenosine 5'-Monophosphate Response Element-binding Protein in Rheumatoid Arthritis Synovial Tissue , J Immunol 168(6) , 2979 , 2002
Human Human, 64-83 yr	Chondrocytes	Collagenase Type 2 : 0.08%	DMEM/F12	Tallheden T, Bengtsson C, Brantsing C, Sjogren-Jansson E, Carlsson L, Peterson L, Brittberg M. and Lindahl A. Proliferation and Differentiation Potential of Chondrocytes from Osteoarthritic Patients , Arthritis Res Ther 7(3) , R560 , 2005
Human Human	Septal chondrocytes	Collagenase Type 2 : 0.2% Hyaluronidase : 0.01% Deoxyribonuclease I : 0.015%	DMEM/F12	Dunham B P, Koch R J. Basic fibroblast growth factor and insulinlike growth factor I support the growth of human septal chondrocytes in a serum-free environment , Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 124 , 1325-30 , 1998
Human Human	Synoviocytes	Collagenase Type 1 : 0.4%	DMEM	Kim Wan-Uk, Kwok Seung-Ki, Hong Kyung-Hee, Yoo Seung-Ah, Kong Jin-Sun, Choe Jongseon, Cho Chul-Soo. Soluble Fas ligand inhibits angiogenesis in rheumatoid arthritis , Arthritis Res Ther 9 , R42 , 2007
Human Human	Synovial fibroblasts	Collagenase : 0.4%	DMEM	Sarkissian M, Lafyatis R. Integrin engagement regulates proliferation and collagenase expression of rheumatoid synovial fibroblasts , J Immunol 162 , 1772-9 , 1999
Human Human, 15-60 years	Chondrocytes	Collagenase Type 2 : 0.2%	DMEM	Rotter N, Bonassar LJ, Tobias G, Lebl M, Roy AK, Vacanti CA. Age dependence of cellular properties of human septal cartilage: implications for tissue engineering , Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 127 , 1248-52 , 2001
Human Human, 26-68 year	Meniscus and cartilage	Collagenase Type 2 : 0.15%	DMEM	Marsano A, Millward-Sadler SJ, Salter DM, Adesida A, Hardingham T, Tognana E, Kon E, Chiari-Grisar C, Nehrer S, Jakob M, Martin I. Differential cartilaginous tissue formation by human synovial membrane, fat pad, meniscus cells and articular chondrocytes , Osteoarthritis Cartilage 15 , 48-58 , 2007
Mouse Mouse, 1 day	Chondrocytes	Collagenase : 0.2%	DMEM	Terpstra, L, Prud'homme, J, Arabian, A, Takeda, S, Karsenty, G, Dedhar, S. and St-Arnaud, R. Reduced Chondrocyte Proliferation and Chondrodysplasia in Mice Lacking the Integrin-linked Kinase in Chondrocytes , J Cell Biol 162 , 139 , 2003
Mouse Mouse, 2-5 day	Chondrocytes	Trypsin : 0.25% Collagenase Type 1 : 86.5 u/ml	DMEM	Otsuru, S. , Hofmann, T. , Raman, P. , Olson, T. , Guess, A. , Dominici, M. and Horwitz, E. Genomic and Functional Comparison of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Prepared Using Two Isolation Methods. , Cytotherapy 17 , 262-70 , 2015
Ovine Sheep, 2 month	Chondrocytes	Collagenase Type 2 : 0.3%	Ham's F-12	Kojima Koji, Bonassar Lawrence J, Roy Amit K, Mizuno Hirokazu, Cortiella Joaquin, Vacanti Charles A. A Composite Tissue-Engineered Trachea Using Sheep Nasal Chondrocyte and Epithelial Cells , FASEB J 17 , 823-8 , 2003
Porcine Porcine, 2-4 month	Chondrons	Neutral Protease : 0.3% Collagenase : 0.2%	PBS	Graff RD, Lazarowski ER, Banes AJ, Lee GM. ATP release by mechanically loaded porcine chondrons in pellet culture , Arthritis Rheum 43 , 1571-9 , 2000
Porcine Porcine, 1 year	Chondrocytes	Collagenase Type 1 : 0.2%	DEMEM	Chowdhury, T. , Schulz, R. , Rai, S. , Thuemmler, C. , Wuestneck, N. , Bader, A. and Homandberg, G Biomechanical Modulation of Collagen Fragment-Induced Anabolic and Catabolic Activities in Chondrocyte/Agarose Constructs. , Arthritis Res Ther 12 , R82 , 2010
Rabbit Rabbit, New Zealand, 2.7 kg	Ear mesenchymal stem	Collagenase Type 1 : 0.5%	DMEM	Khalilifar, M. , Eslaminejad, M. , Ghasemzadeh, M. , Hosseini, S. and Baharvand, H. In Vitro and In Vivo Comparison of Different Types of Rabbit Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Cartilage Repair. , Cell J Vol. 21 , 150-160 , 2019
Rabbit Rabbit, white, male, 8 weeks	Chondrocytes	Trypsin : 0.2%	Gey's BSS	Benya, P.D. , Padilla, S.R. and Nimni, M.E. The Progeny of Rabbit Articular Chondrocytes Synthesize Collagen Types I and III and Type I Trimer, but Not Type II , Biochemistry 16 , 865 , 1977
Rabbit Rabbit, New Zealand white or Dutch, 1 week (also human, newborn)	Chondrocytes	Trypsin : 0.1%	Saline G, CMF	Schindler, F.H. , Ose, M.A. and Solursh, M. The Synthesis of Cartilage Collagen by Rabbit and Human Chondrocytes in Primary Cell Culture , In Vitro 12 , 44 , 1976
Rabbit Rabbit, New Zealand, white, 4-6 wk & 22-25 wk	Chondrocytes	Protease XIV : 5 mg/g of tissue	Ham's F-12	Plaas, A. , Sandy, J. and Kimura, J. Biosynthesis of Cartilage Proteoglycan & Link Protein Articular Chondrocytes , J Biol Chem 263 , 7560 , 1988
Rabbit Rabbit, New Zealand white, male, 250-350 g	Epiphyseal Articular cartilage	Trypsin : 0.25%	Eagle's basal medium	Bentley, G. and Greer , R. Homotransplantation of Isolated Epiphyseal and Articular Cartilage Chondrocytes into Joint Surfaces of Rabbits , Nature 230 , 385 , 1971
Rabbit Rabbit, New Zealand white, immature, 2.25 - 3.3 Kg	Articular chondrocytes Hyaline	Trypsin : 0.2%	Gey's BSS	Green, J.R. and William, T. Articular Cartilage Repair. Behavior of Rabbit Chondrocytes During Tissue Culture and Subsequent Allografting , Clin Orthop Relat Res , 237 , 1976
Rabbit Rabbit, New Zealand, 1.8-2.3kg	Chondrocytes	Hyaluronidase : .05% Collagenase Type 2 : 0.2% Trypsin : 0.2%	Gey's solution	Mehraban F, Tindal MH, Proffitt MM, Moskowitz RW. Temporal pattern of cysteine endopeptidase (cathepsin B) expression in cartilage and synovium from rabbit knees with experimental osteoarthritis: gene expression in chondrocytes in response to interleukin-1 and matrix depletion , Ann Rheum Dis 56 , 108 , 1997
Rabbit Rabbit, New Zealand, 1.2-1.4 kg	Chondrocytes	Collagenase Type 2 : 0.025% Pronase : 0.2%	DMEM	Ju, X. , Deng, M. , Ao, Y. , Yu, C. , Wang, J. , Yu, J. , Cui, G. and Hu, Y. Protective Effect of Sinomenine on Cartilage Degradation and Chondrocytes Apoptosis. , Yakugaku Zasshi 130 , 1053-60 , 2010
Rat Rat, SD, young, 100-120 g	Chondrocytes	Trypsin : 0.2%	Ham's F-12 medium	Shimomura, Y. , Yoneda, T. and Suzuki, F. Osteogenesis by Chondrocytes from Growth Cartilage of Rat Rib , Calcif Tissue Res 19 , 179 , 1975
Rat Rat	Chondrocytes	Collagenase Type 2 : 0.15% Trypsin : 0.25%	DMEM/F12	Mei, L. , Shen, B. , Ling, P. , Liu, S. , Xue, J. , Liu, F. , Shao, H. , Chen, J. , Ma, A. and Liu, X. Culture-expanded Allogenic Adipose Tissue-derived Stem Cells Attenuate Cartilage Degeneration in an Experimental Rat Osteoarthritis Model. , PLoS ONE 12 , e0176107 , 2017